History of Amr Ibn El Aass

• 16 / 5 / 2023

Abu Abdullah Amr ibn al-As Ibn WA'il Al-sahmi al-Qurashi al-Kanani (47 BC or 45 BC / 575 AD or 577-43 AH / 664 AD), a Muslim companion

AMR was one of the Quraysh's Masters in Jahiliya. His father was Al-as Ibn Wael Shami, and he was a professional trader who traveled with his trade to the Levant, Yemen, Egypt, and Abyssinia. 

The Quraysh sent him to as-sahma Al-Najashi, the king of Abyssinia, to answer those who had emigrated from the Muslims to his country. Amr ibn al-As attended the conquest of Badr with the Quraysh against the Muslims, then participated in the conquest of Uhud, and then the conquest of the trench. When the Quraysh returned to Mecca after the peace of Hudaybiyyah, he went to Abyssinia at the hands of the Negus, and found him converted to Islam, so he converted to Islam there by the Negus in the eighth year of emigration, then he took a ship heading to Medina, and on the way he met Khalid ibn al-WalidThen the Messenger said: "mecca has thrown to us the steel of its liver". After his Islam, the Prophet sent him secretly to the same chains in the Jumadi of the hereafter in the Year 8 ah, and then in another secret mission to demolish the idol of Sawah in Ramadan in the Year 8 ah, after the conquest of Mecca. In the month of Dhu al-Hijjah in the Year 8 ah, the prophet sent him to the Kings of Oman Ja'far and Abad Ibn al-jalandi with a book inviting them to Islam, and after their Islam the Prophet appointed him Wali for Zakat and alms, and he remained there for about two years until the death of the Prophet.

Birth and upbringing

Historians differ on the time of the birth of Amr ibn al-as, which is due to the difference in the year of his death and his age when he died, Ibn Hajar al-Asqalani stated that he was seven years old on the night Umar ibn al-Khattab was born, and he died twenty years later, and it is narrated that he said: "I remember the night on which Umar was born". According to this version, the birth of Amr ibn al-AS IS in the year 47 BC / 575 AD. While Shams al-Din al-Dhahabi stated that he was five years older than Umar, he said: "he was about five years older than Umar ibn al-Khattab, and he used to say that I remember the night when Umar was born, and he lived after the age of twenty years. According to the Golden saying, the birth of Amr ibn al-As was in 45 BC / 577 ad, that is, eight years after the year of the elephant. While saying that his son Abdullah was only twelve years younger than him is not correct, as Abdullah was born around the Year 7 BC, so the birth of AMR is about the year 19 BC / 603 AD.

Amr offered Caliph Umar ibn al-Khattab the conquest of Egypt and asked to be allowed to march to it, so he marched to it and conquered Al-Arish, until he reached al-Farma, then he marched to Belbis, and during his March he conquered Sinhur and Tanis. He asked Umar for an extension, so he sent him a squad led by Zubayr Ibn Al-Awwam, and then they took control of the Fayyum territory. He camped in Ain Shams, the Battle of Ain Shams took place, and besieged the Babylonian fortress until it fell into their hands on the other spring 21, 20 AH, and gave the people of Egypt safety.

Caliph Uthman ibn Affan dismissed him from the mandate of Egypt in 24 Ah, and after Uthman's death, he demanded revenge for his blood, and he was on the side of MU'awiya ibn Abi Sufyan, one of the commanders of his forces in Waqa Safin, and a representative of MU'awiya's party in arbitration after the battle. He took over the mandate of Egypt again during the reign of Muawiyah. He died on the night of Eid al-Fitr in 43 Ah in Egypt at the age of eighty-eight, and was buried near Mokattam. AMR was known for his cunning, intelligence, and acumen before and after Islam, he was even called the most cunning of the Arabs or "Arab shrewdness". AMR is also famous for his eloquence and eloquence, the sobriety of his poetry, and he has a lot of speeches. He narrated a few prophetic hadiths, amounting to about forty hadiths.

Pedigree

He is: Amr bin Al-as bin Wael bin Hashim bin Saeed bin Sahm bin Amr bin husais bin Kaab bin Luay bin Ghalib bin Fahr Bin Malik bin Nadr, bin Kenana bin khuzayma bin mudraqa bin Elias bin mudar bin Nizar bin MAAD bin Adnan. It was said: Al-nabaha bint khuzaymah bin al-Harith bin Kulthum bin Harish bin Sawaya from Bani Amr bin Abdullah bin khuzaymah bin al-Harith bin Jalan bin Atik bin Aslam bin remember bin Anza Bin Asad bin Rabiah bin Nizar bin MAAD bin Adnan. She was wounded by the spears of the Arabs in one of the wars of ignorance, so she was sold with a cane, and Al-fakah Ibn al-Mughira Al-makhzumi al-Qurashi bought her, then Abdullah ibn Jadaan Al-Timi al-Qurashi bought her from him, and then she became Al-as Ibn Wael al-sahmi al-Qurashi. Al-Zubayr Ibn Bakar said: his mother is a female slave who is said to be a genius from Anza, and his brothers to his mother are Arwa bin athaya Al - Adawi al-Qurashi-Arwa was a migrant from Abyssinia -, Zainab bint Afif bin Abi Al-as, and Aqaba bin Nafi bin Abdul Qais al-Fihri al-Qurashi. He is the father of God, and he is said to be the father of Muhammad.

Before his Islam

His work in commerce
Amr ibn al-as was engaged in trade like his father and most of the Masters of the Quraysh, and traded goods of Yemen and Abyssinia such as leather and sold in the Levant, and traded goods of the Levant such as tayb, raisins, figs and others and sold in Yemen, Abu Amr al-Kindi stated that AMR used to go to trade in Egypt and buy perfumes and Adam. During his trade trips, Amr gained relations with the people of this country, and his relationship with the Kings of Abyssinia and others strengthened, and Al-Suyuti mentioned that AMR traveled to Egypt in ignorance, and entered Alexandria, and saw its architecture and monuments, and liked it, and knew the entrances and exits of Egypt.

His position on Islam and immigrants to Abyssinia

After the Prophet Muhammad announced his call to Islam, Amr became hostile to Islam and the prophet, like his father Al-as Ibn WA'il, and Al-as Ibn WA'il was one of the scoffers of the prophet, and when the Prophet's son Abdullah died, he said: Muhammad is amputated, there is no male living for him, so the verse came down: ﴿it is your will that is amputated ٣ ﴾ [Al-Kawthar:3]. When Hisham Ibn al-as surrendered Amr's brother, his father locked him up and tortured him, and he whipped him with whips every day until he retreated, and Amr's wife Rita bint munab took pity on Hisham, so she brought him food and drink every day, but he managed to emigrate secretly to Abyssinia.

When the Quraysh learned about the migration of some Muslims to Abyssinia, the Masters of the Quraysh gathered at the seminar House, and agreed to collect money and gifts and give them to the Negus, and assigned two men, so they sent Amr ibn al-As and Amara Ibn al-Walid with gifts, and it was said Amr ibn al-As and Abdullah ibn Abi Rabiah, so they rode the sea, and when they entered on the Negus about us and About Our Lady, "he said," So Where Are they?"They said, "in your land, send to them," and he sent to them. Amr ibn al-As and Amara agreed with the Patriarchs to advise the Negus to hand over the Muslims to them, but the Negus thought to invite the Muslims to listen for himself to what they were saying. And when they all came to the Negus, Ja'far ibn Abi Talib said: "I am your fiance today, so follow him, and he saluted and did not prostrate, and they said to him: "Malik, do you not prostrate to the King?"He said, "We only worship Allah Almighty," he said, " and what is that?"He said: "Allah sent us a messenger and then ordered us not to worship anyone except Allah Almighty, and he ordered us to pray and give zakaah." Amr said: "they disagree with you in Isa ibn Maryam." he said: "What do you say in Isa ibn Maryam and his mother?" He said:" we say as Allah said: it is his word and his spirit that he delivered to the Virgin virgin, who was not touched by mankind, and was not imposed by a son, " and when the Negus heard the Hadith of Ja'far, he did not accept the request of AMR and Amara, and returned their gifts, and in some accounts he also surrendered at this moment.

During the presence of AMR and Amara in Abyssinia, they quarreled because Amara Ibn al-Walid seduced a female servant of Amr ibn al-as; Amr was informed about this, and he became angry, and hated him, and when he settled at the nagashi, Amara seduced the wife of the nagashi, and his identity as the wife of the nagashi for his beauty, so she separated him, so AMR was informed about this, so the nagashi told him, so the nagashi knew, so they took revenge on him by, and Amara died.

His participation in the fight against Muslims

Amr ibn al-As attended the invasion of Badr with the Quraysh against the Muslims, and then he attended the invasion of Uhud. And the Quraysh were taken in Uhud alone and iron, and they went out with their women so that they would not flee, so Amr went out with his wife Reeta. During the invasion of the trench, Amr ibn al-As and Khalid ibn al-Walid were stationed on the trench waiting for the oblivious Muslims to pounce on them. After the collapse of the Quraysh tents and the withdrawal of the partisan army, Abu Sufyan Ibn Harb feared that the Muslims would catch up with them, so he ordered Amr ibn al-As and Khalid ibn al-Walid to camp in a valley from Al-Nakhl with two hundred Persians in anticipation of a Muslim attack on them. Amr did not attend the Hudaybiyyah and did not repair it.

Islam

When the Quraysh returned to Mecca after the Hudaybiyyah peace, he decided to go to Abyssinia at the hands of the Negus, and found him converted to Islam, so he converted to Islam there by the Negus in the eighth year of hijra, corresponding to 629 AD, and then took a ship heading to Medina, so he met on the way Khalid ibn al-Walid and Othman Ibn Talha, heading to Medina to enter Islam, so the three of them entered Medina in Safar in the Year 8 Ah declaring their Islam. Then the Messenger said: "Mecca has thrown to us the steel of its liver

Amr ibn al - ' as I was a stubborn side of Islam, I attended a full moon with the polytheists and I survived, then I attended someone and I survived, and then I attended the ditch and I survived, and I thought to myself: How Much Should I put And Allah, may Muhammad appear to the Quraysh, so I followed my money with the fall, and I reduced the people, so I did not bring Hudaybiyyah and did not fix it, and the messenger of Allah (peace and blessings of Allah be upon him) departed with the peace and the Quraysh returned to Mecca, so I made: Muhammad enters Makkah with his companions, what is Makkah for us with a house, not Taif, and what is better than going out, and after I have learned about Islam, I see that if I had surrendered all the Quraysh, I would not have surrendered, so I presented Makkah and gathered men from my people who could see my opinion and hear from me and introduce me to them, so I said to them: how am I in you They said: the one who has our opinion and our teacher, with the help of a captain and the blessing of an order, I said: You know, by Allah, that to see the order of Muhammad is something higher than denying things, and that I have seen an opinion. They said, ' What is it?' I said: We will catch up with the Negus and we will be with him, if Muhammad appears, we will be with the Negus, and we will be under his hand, I would love us to be under the hands of Muhammad, and if the Quraysh appear, we are the ones who have known. They said: this opinion! ... Then we went out and we were introduced to the Negus, for Allah has cursed him, when Amr ibn Umayyah Al-dhamri came, and the messenger of Allah (peace and blessings of Allah be upon him) sent him to him with a book written to him to marry him to a beloved mother bint Abu Sufyan, so he entered on him and then went out from him... So I went to the nagashi and bowed down to him as I was making, and he said: hello, my friend! You gave me something from your country And I said, yes, O King, I have given you a lot of regrets. Then I approached him and he liked it... I said: O King, I have seen a man who came out of you and he is the messenger of a man who is an enemy to us, he has left us and killed our overseers and our choice, so give him and kill him! So he got angry and raised his hand and hit my nose with it with a blow that I thought he broke it, and he opened my nostrils, so I made me receive blood with my clothes, and I was struck with humiliation as soon as the earth split for me and I entered into it, and I said to him: O king, if I thought that you hated what you said what you asked, he said: then blush and he said: O Amr, you are asking me to give you the messenger of the messenger of Allah, peace and blessings of Allah be upon him, from whom comes the Greater Law, from whom Moses used to come, and from whom Isa ibn Maryam used to come-to kill him! Amr said, and Allah changed my heart from what I was, and I said to myself: did the Arabs and the Arabs know this truth, and do you disagree! I said, ' and you witness, King, to this?' He said: yes. I will bear witness to him with Allah, o ' AMR, so obey me and follow him, and Allah is upon the truth and may they appear to all who disobey him as Moses appeared to Pharaoh and his soldiers. I said, ' What does he mean by Islam?' He said: yes. He said: yes: he stretched out his hand, and I swore allegiance to Islam, and he called me a hero, and he washed the blood off me and clothed me with clothes, and my clothes were filled with blood, so I threw them, and then went out to my companions ... And I left them as if I was baptized for a need, so I went to the position of the ships, and I found a ship that had been loaded to be paid, so I got in with them and they paid it from their watch until they finished to the SAA, so I went out with it with an expense. So I went far away and went out, I want the city even if I come across Dhahran. Then I went on, even if I was at ease, if two men who had preceded me by not much wanted a house, and one of them was inside in a tent, and the other was standing holding the two departed, then I looked, then he is Khalid ibn al-Walid. And I said, ' father Solomon?'! He said: yes. I said, ' Where do you want to go?' He said: Muhammad, people have entered into Islam, there is no one left with a taste, and Allah, if we had risen, would have taken our necks as the neck of a hyena is taken in its grotto. I said: Allah and I wanted Muhammad and I wanted Islam, and Uthman Bin Talha came out and welcomed me, so we all came home. Then she accompanied us until we presented the city, so I don't forget to say a man we met at Abu Anaba's well exclaims: O Rabah! Hey Rabah! We were happy to say it and pleased. Then he looked at US and I heard him say: Mecca has given the leadership after these two! I thought he meant me and he meant Khalid ibn al-Walid, and then a manager came to the mosque quickly, and I thought he was preaching the messenger of Allaah (peace and blessings of Allaah be upon him) about our coming, and it was as I thought. And we were free, so we put on our good clothes, and the good time came, so we all set off until we looked at him (peace and blessings of Allaah be upon him), and if his face cheered, and the Muslims around him were pleased with our Islam. Khalid ibn al-Walid came forward and swore, and then Uthman ibn Talha came forward and swore, messenger of Allaah (peace and blessings of Allaah be upon him), for Allaah is only if I sat down in his hands, so I could not raise both sides to him out of shame from him, so I swore to him on the understanding that he would forgive me for the above of my sin, and what was delayed did not bring me. He said, "Islam is under what was before it, and immigration is under what was before it". The messenger of Allah (peace and blessings of Allah be upon him) and Khalid ibn al-Walid have not treated me as one of his companions in the matter of his party since we surrendered, and we were with Abu Bakr in that status, and I was with Umar in that state. Amr ibn al-as When Amr ibn al-as surrendered, the Prophet was drawing closer and lower him from him, and one day he sent to him and said: "Take your clothes and weapons on you and then come to me, he said: so I came to him while he was doing wudoo' and he looked up and then stepped on him and said: I want to send you an army, may Allah bless you and give you a good wish for money, he said: O Messenger of Allah, I did not give up for the sake of money, but I gave up a desire for Islam, and to be with the messenger of Allah (peace and blessings of Allah be upon him), and he said: O Messenger of Allah, I did not give up for the sake of money, but I gave up a desire for Islam, but I gave up a desire for Islam, and to be with the messenger of Allah (peace and blessings of Allah be upon him), and he said: Amr, yes, good money for a good person". Umar ibn al-Khattab was surprised at AMR's lack of early Islam, and he said to him: "I wondered to you in your mind and mind how you were not one of the first immigrants," and Amr said to him: "and what do you like, O Umar, from a man whose heart is in the hand of another does not provoke getting rid of him unless Allah, who is in his hand, wants! Omar said, "I believed.

During the reign of the Prophet Muhammad

The Prophet Muhammad used to send companies to tribes and godparents inviting them to Islam, and many of them entered into the Prophet's alliance, but the Prophet reported that a group of Otter tribe wanted to conquer the outskirts of the city and its alliance, so the prophet ordered Amr ibn al-as to go out to them in the Jumadi of the hereafter in the Year 8 AH, corresponding to 629 AD, and he the Prophet Muhammad sent him two hundred emigrants and supporters, headed by Abu Ubaydah Ibn Jarrah, and he held a brigade for him He followed AMR, and Abu Ubaidah wanted people to pray, and Amr said: "I only gave me an extension, and I am the prince," and Amr insisted that he remain the head of everyone, and Abu Ubaidah accepted.

Amr walked in secret until he entered the country of Beli and dokh it until he came to the farthest country of them, the country of Azra and balqin, until they descended the same chains; it is behind the valley of villages and between it and the city for ten days. They fought, and the otter fighters fled, dispersed, and AWF ibn Malik sent a mail to the Prophet informing him of their victory. When the otter army fled, some Muslims wanted to pursue them, and Amr refused to do so, and then some Muslims wanted to light a fire to keep warm, and AMR also refused, when they returned, they complained to the prophet, and this position was later justified by the Prophet Muhammad when he asked him that he said: "I hated that they would follow them, so they would have time to be kind to them, and I hated that they would light a fire and their enemy would see that they had killed them," and the Prophet Muhammad praised what he did.

The secret of AMR to Sawa

On Ramadan in the Year 8 AH, corresponding to January 630 AD, after the conquest of Mecca, and after the Muslims destroyed the most famous idols of the Arabs lat, Uzza and Manna erected around the Kaaba, another famous fetish remains among the Arabs, which is the Suwa fetish, which is a fetish for this three miles from Mecca. And this idol was in the image of a woman: they worshiped and worshiped him. So the Prophet Muhammad sent Amr ibn al-As in a group of his companions to Sawa to destroy it, and when he reached it, then Sadin said: "What do you want?"'Amr said:" The messenger of Allaah (peace and blessings of Allaah be upon him) ordered me to destroy it. "he said:" You cannot do that, "and he said:" Why?""He said," Stop. "I said," So now you're in the wrong?" Scratching, hearing or seeingThen Amr came near him, broke him, and ordered his companions, and they demolished the House of his Treasury, but they found nothing in it, and then he said to the Sadans, "How did you see?""I surrendered to God,"he said.

In the month of Dhu al-Hijjah in the Year 8 AH, corresponding to 630 AD, the prophet sent him to the Kings of Oman Ja'far and Abd Ibn al-jalandi with a book inviting them to Islam. The religion of the town was majusian and the text of the book was: "in the name of Allah, the Most Merciful, the most merciful, from Muhammad Abdullah and his messenger to Ja'far and the servants of my son Al - jalandi: peace be upon those who follow the guidance - but after that I call you by the propaganda of Islam-as a Muslim. I am the messenger of Allah to all people to warn whoever is alive and has the right to speak against the disbelievers. If you accept Islam as your Will, and if you refuse to accept Islam, then your king is gone from you."And the people of Oman surrendered at his hands, and the Prophet appointed him guardian of Zakat and alms with it, and he remained there for about two years until the death of the Prophet, until he received the book of Abu Bakr al-Siddiq sealed and in it".. The messenger of Allah (peace and blessings of Allaah be upon him) does not have a mind, and if he does not have a mind, the messenger of Allaah does not have a mind."When he read the book, he cried, and the people of Amman learned the news . 

His role in the Islamic battles

Abu Bakr sent the friend at AMR's request, and he accepted until he presented the country of the Bani Amer, and descended on Qurra Ibn hubayrah, and Qurra had apostatized from Islam, so when Amr wanted to leave Qurra left him and said: "O this. If you forgive her, she will listen to you and obey, and if you father, she will not meet with you, and Amr said to him: "Have you disbelieved, Korah?" We are afraid of the Arabs! By Allah, I will put a horse on you in your mother's grave". When Amr reached Medina, he told the Muslims what he had seen, and that the soldiers were encamped from Dibba to Medina. Abu Bakr entrusted him to a dense army of Muslims for the otter war, whom he had previously fought in a company with chains, and Amr triumphed over them.

Fatouh al-Sham

After the end of the apostasy Wars, Amr returned to Oman, and on the other side the military skirmishes between Muslims and Persians were successful, the Muslim offensive developed towards Iraq, and soon the Muslims achieved wide successes in their campaign against Iraq, which prompted the first caliph Abu Bakr to seriously think about conquering the Levant. Abu Bakr consulted the Senior Companions on this matter, and addressed them, and most of them supported him, but Abd al-Rahman Ibn Auf advised him not to invade their land, and to begin raiding the outskirts of their lands, and then send to the tribes of Yemen, Rabi'a and Med to alert them to jihad. Abu Bakr, taking into account the opinion of Ibn Auf, ordered to invite people to conquer Rome.

The book of Abu Bakr al-Siddiq arrived at AMR, asking him to come to use it in Futuh al-Sham. The book of Abu Bakr was: "I had responded to the work that the messenger of Allaah (peace and blessings of Allaah be upon him) did not like once, and he named it for you another time, sending you to Amman to fulfill the dates of the messenger of Allaah (peace and blessings of Allaah be upon him) lost his waliat and then his waliat. And I have loved Abba Abdullah to spare you for what is good for you in your life and hostile to you except that the one in which you are loved to you.Amr wrote to him: "I am one of the arrows of Islam, and you are after Allah, the one who throws it and the one who collects it.

Abu Bakr sent the armies to the North after they gathered in the city after a contract was made for four of the Princes, namely: Abu Ubaidah Ibn Jarrah, Amr ibn al-As, Yazid ibn Abi Sufyan, and Sharhabil Ibn Hasna. Amr ibn al-As directed between six and seven thousand fighters to Palestine, on the condition that he take the Red Sea route to Aqaba, the valley of the villages, and the Dead Sea to Jerusalem, and left the city on 3 Muharram 13 AH, corresponding to March 10, 634 AD. He ordered them to help each other and to be all under the command of Abu Ubaydah, and ordered AMR to supply the other armies if the need arose.

Abu Bakr called Amr ibn al-As and handed him the banner, and recommended him a long commandment mentioned by Al-waqidi, he recommended him to the piety of Allah and ordered him to establish prayer and other things, where he said: "fear Allah in your secret and public and Blush in your retreats, he sees you in your work. And I have seen my progress to you over the one who is older than you before, and the oldest sanctity. Be one of the workers of the hereafter, and return the face of Allah with your work, and be a parent to those with you, and accompany them on the way, for there are weak people among them, and Allah has supported his religion to show it over all religion, even if the polytheists hate it. And if you walk with your army, do not walk in the way that Yazid, Rabiah and sharhbil walked, but take the way of Elijah until it ends in the land of Palestine, and send your eyes to bring you the news of Abu Ubaidah, if he is victorious after his enemy, then you are to fight those in Palestine, and if he wants a military, send an army to him in the wake of an army, and provide Sahl ibn Amr, ikrimah ibn Abu Jahl, al-Harith Ibn Hisham and said Ibn Khalid. And do not be deluded by what I have scarred you to, and do not be debilitated to say that my father's son made me a dipper in the face of the enemy and I have no strength in him. O 'Amr, I have seen in many places that we meet with the multitudes of polytheists and we are in a few of our enemies, and then I saw the day of longing for what Allah insists on them, and know, O' AMR, that you have with you the emigrants and the supporters of the people of Badr, so honor them and know their right, and do not encroach on them with your authority, and the help of Satan does not interfere with you, so you say, but because I am Abu Bakr, because I am the best of them. And do not deceive yourself, be like one of them and consult them about what you want from your matter. Prayer, and then prayer, is authorized if he enters at that time, and prayer arrives only with the ears of the people of the military, and then highlight and pray to those who wish to pray with you, it is better for him. And from her prayer alone, his prayer parts. And beware of your enemy, and order your companions to guard, and then you should be aware of them. And let your companions sit down at night, and I will stand among them and sit with them, and do not reveal the Astars of people, and fear Allah if you meet the enemy. If you preach to your companions, be brief, and reform yourself, and your congregation will be reformed for you, then the imam is unique to Allah, may he be exalted, in what he teaches and what he does in his congregation. And I have entrusted you to those of the Arabs whom I have passed over, so make each tribe on its diet, and be like a kind, friendly father to them, and pledge your military in a circus, and present your Vanguard before you so that they will be in front of you, and leave behind the people whom you please. And if you see your enemy, be patient and do not delay, then that will be your pride. And your companions should recite the Qur'an, and they should refrain from mentioning ignorance and what there was of it, for that will cause enmity between them. Be one of the imams praised in the Qur'an, as Allah Almighty says: ﴿and we made them imams guided by our command and inspired them to do good deeds, establish prayer and give zakaah and they were our servants ٧٣ ﴾ [prophets:73].

The beginning of AMR's fighting in Palestine

He went to Elijah until he reached the land of Palestine, and when the Muslims landed in Palestine, Amr gathered the Muslim emigrants and supporters and consulted them about them, while they were in counseling, Uday Ibn Amer accepted them, telling them about the meeting of the enemy army and that they were more than a hundred thousand horsemen. Amr sat down for advice, and some were afraid and suggested returning to Bayda, and a man from the emigrants said: "We were with the messenger of Allah (peace and blessings of Allah be upon him) defeating the many crowd with a little crowd, and Allah has promised you victory, and the promise of the patient is only good.Sahl ibn ' Amr said:"As for me, I have not turned back from fighting the disbelievers, nor have I turned back my sword from them.whoever Wills, let him get up, whoever Wills, let him return, and whoever recoils on his heels, I am behind him in the lookout. So Amr ibn al-as held the banner and Abdullah ibn Umar ibn al-Khattab gave it, and a thousand horsemen joined him, including men from Taif and Thaqif, and ordered them to march to meet the rum army, and he met with a vanguard from the rum army, and the rum was defeated, and the Muslims returned and met each other and collected booty and money. The next day, the rum gathered in ten thousand horsemen, and Amr accepted and arranged his companions and made Al-dahhak Ibn Qais al-Fihri laugh on the starboard side, and in the left side sa'id Ibn Khalid, and Abu al-Darda and Amr stood on the heart with the people of Mecca and ordered the people to read the Qur'an, and rum stood firm in battle, and one hundred and thirty men of the Muslims were killed, al-waqidi narrates about Ibn Umar saying: "so we were killed in this incident close to fifteen thousand horsemen and more, and we did not descend in their tracks into the night, and Amr ibn al-as rejoiced with victory". The Muslims won, and Amr admonished the people to pray, so he prayed what he missed every prayer with ears and Iqama, and Al-waqidi called this battle "Palestine day". Then Amr wrote to Abu Ubaida a book in which he says: "in the name of Allah, the Merciful, the merciful, from Amr ibn al-as to the secretary of the nation, but after that I thank Allah, there is no God but him and I pray for his Prophet Muhammad (peace and blessings of Allah be upon him), and I have arrived in the land of Palestine, and we met the Roman soldiers with a penguin God and his blessings.». Abu Ubaidah wrote: "in the name of Allah, the Most Merciful, the most merciful, you are a warden, if Abu Bakr ordered you to be with us, explain to us, and if he ordered you to stand firm in your position, stand firm."He folded the book and handed it to Khalid bin Saeed Bin Al-As. He marched with Abu Amer until they came to the army of Amr ibn al-As. Amr wrote a book to Abu Bakr al-Siddiq and told him what happened with rum, and sent the book with Abu Amer al-Dossi.

Battle of Ajnadeen

The Romans in the Levant wrote to Heraclius informing him of the matter, so Heraclius ordered the departure of the Turkish armies to meet each of the Muslim Princes with a dense army. 

Heraclius saw to strike first the army of Khalid ibn Said crawling towards Marj Al-Safar, so the victorious Arabs such as Bahra, Suleih, tanukh, Lakhm, Leper, and Ghassan were alarmed, so they flocked and camped near Abel, Zira, and Al-qustal led by the Armenian Mahan (Japan), Khalid ibn Said collided with them after asking Abu Bakr's permission and won over them. Mahan fled with the rest of his soldiers from the battlefield. Khalid then hurried, making his way to Marj al-SAFAR, which allowed Mahan to get around the Islamic army and surprised him. Khalid ibn Sa'id fled, leaving his army at the mercy of the Romans, but Ikrimah ibn Abu Jahl succeeded in reorganizing his ranks and withdrew from the battlefield, and camped near Damascus. The battle took place on 4 Muharram 13 AH, corresponding to March 11, 634 AD.

When Umar ibn al-Khattab took over the caliphate, Khalid ibn al-Walid was deposed and Abu Ubaida Ibn Al-Jarrah was reinstated, and Abu Ubaida headed at the head of the Muslim armies to conquer Damascus, so he made Khalid ibn al-Walid in the heart, and Abu Ubaida and Amr ibn al-As rode in the two wings, Abu Ubaida descended on Bab al-jabiya, Khalid ibn al-Walid on the Eastern Door, Yazid ibn Abi Sufyan on Bab Kisan, Amr ibn al-as on Bab al-faradis and Sharhabil Ibn Hasna on Bab Tuma. The siege lasted from 17 Jumada al-akhirah to 20 Rajab in 13 ah, until the city was opened peacefully.

Before the conquest of Damascus, the Battle of Fal took place, while Tabari mentioned it after the conquest of Damascus, Amr ibn al-as was on the left, and the Muslims won, and Abu Ubaida and Khalid, including their armies, went towards Homs, and Abu Ubaida replaced Sharhabil Ibn Hasna on Jordan, Sharhabil marched with Amr ibn al-as, besieged Baysan, and they went out to them, killing them great killers, then they favored them as Damascus favored, and beat tribute on them, and tribute on their lands.

After Abu Ubaidah conquered Homs, he settled in Homs and sent an immortal to Damascus to reside there, and Amr ibn al-as was assigned to reside in Palestine. Thus, the conquest movement in the Levant stopped in 15 Ah.

Battle of Yarmouk

Heraclius mobilized a huge army of one hundred and twenty thousand soldiers from various Byzantine states, including a band of Christian Arabs estimated at twelve thousand ghassanids, lepers and lepers led by Jabala Ibn al-Ayham, and a band of Armenians also including twelve thousand, led by Jarja Ibn Tuthar, and the rum Inn between the Ayyub monastery and Yarmouk, they were led by the brother of Heraclius, assisted by the Armenian commander Mahan, Theodore Trithorius, treasurer of the Byzantine Empire, and the eunuch Saqlab. Abu Ubaidah left with the Muslims from Homs to Damascus. The Muslims arrived at Yarmouk and found the Byzantines had preceded them to it. The Muslim force amounted to between thirty-six thousand to forty thousand, and it was said Forty-six thousand, divided into four brigades headed by each Emir

Abu Ubaidah made Khalid The Prince of battle, and Khalid found the armies scattered, the army of Abu Ubaidah and Amr ibn al-as on the one hand, and the army of Yazid and Sharhabil on the other, so Khalid stood in the people as a preacher, so he ordered them to gather and forbade them to disperse and differ, so he divided them into thirty-six Kurds to forty, each Kurd a thousand men he ordered each Kurd to be a prince, and on the vanguard qubath Ibn Ashim, and the captors Abdullah ibn mas'ud, and the judge Abu Darda Al-Ansari, and their storyteller who preaches to them and urges them to fight Abu Sufyan Ibn Harb, and their reader who turns to people and recites Surah Al-Anfal and verses Jihad al-Miqdad Ibn al-Aswad. Amr ibn al-as addressed them and said: "O Muslims, turn a blind eye, get down on your knees, and spread Spears, and if they are carried on you, give them a hand, even if they ride the ends of the teeth, then leap to them the leap of the Lion, for the one who is satisfied with honesty and repents for it, abhors lying, and rewards with charity, I have heard that Muslims will open it Kufr by Kufr, and fly away, fly Partridge boys".

Amr ibn al-Aas retreated, Sharhabil Ibn Hasna and his companions were exposed, Yazid ibn Abi Sufyan stood firm, fought a fierce battle, and Abu Sufyan Ibn Harb shouted: "O victory of Allah, draw near, steadfastness, steadfastness, O coterie of Muslims". Khalid ibn al-Walid carried on the march of Rum, and they were reunited, and the Armenian leader Jarja joined him, declaring his Islam. Then the rum was repeated against the Muslims, and Khalid confronted them with Jarja, who was killed, and the rum retreated. Khalid marched with the heart of the army, breaking through the ranks of the Byzantines, the cavalry fled from them, leaving the infantry in front of the Muslim army, and Khalid stormed their trench, and the Romans retreated under cover of darkness to the plain of Al-waqusa, where the Muslims looked at them dead until they were defeated. About sixty thousand rum were killed in this battle, and the Muslim losses were estimated at three thousand dead, including a number of companions . Jabalah Ibn al-Ayham and those with him from the Christian Arabs sided with their Muslim Arab compatriots, and then he and a group of his ghassanid people converted to Islam.

Opening the holy house

After the defeat of the Roman army, it was easy for AMR's army to enter the towns successively, so he conquered Sebastia, located to the north-west of Nablus, then conquered Nablus, and gave its people safety over themselves, their money and their homes on the performance of tribute and tribute, then he conquered Lod and its environs, yibni, emwas and Bayt Jibrin, then he descended South and conquered Rafah, and in the narrative he conquered Ashkelon, he had conquered Gaza during the reign of Abu Bakr, and besieged Caesarea, which was one of the most famous cities at that time. Amr ibn al-as also led the siege of Jerusalem as the commander of the Palestinian front, and faced fierce resistance from its garrison and residents, and found it very difficult to absorb the Byzantine attacks, he was sent to artabun asking him to surrender like the rest of the cities and promising him safety. The Byzantines used catapults from above the walls. The war dragged on for a long time, and Amr ibn al-as, in these difficult combat conditions, was forced to write to Umar in Medina asking him for help, so he responded to his request and sent to Abu Ubaydah to help him, and Khalid ibn al-Walid accompanied him. He sent Yazid to send his brother Muawiyah to open Caesarea in order to occupy the Byzantines on more than one front, and Umar himself went out to the Levant to be close to the course of events.

Abu Ubaidah immediately took over the command of the Islamic forces, and they learned that Omar was coming, so they realized that their city could not continue to resist and that its fall became a matter of time, so the Tartars withdrew disguised in a force of soldiers to Egypt. The patriarch of Medina safronius took over the reins of affairs, and Abu Ubaida offered him Islam, tribute or war. The patriarch chose to hand over the city to Omar personally, and Omar immediately received the keys to Jerusalem, and Omar gave the Christians what is known as the age covenant.

Conquest of Egypt

Amr ibn al-As met Omar ibn al-Khattab in jabiya when he came to the Levant to check on its conditions after the plague of Emmaus, and offered to conquer Egypt, "If you opened it, it was a force for Muslims and a help for them, and it is the most precious land and the most incapable of fighting and war,"he said. While some sources state that the idea of conquering Egypt dates back to Umar ibn al-Khattab himself, who ordered AMR to march to it. So he was entrusted with the command of the conquest and put at his disposal three thousand and five hundred soldiers, and it was said four thousand or five thousand, and asked him to make it a secret and walk with his soldiers on foot. Thus, Amr ibn al-as marched to Egypt, penetrating the Sinai desert and taking the coastal road, however, Umar ibn al-Khattab remained hesitant, until it seems that he changed his luck and sent a book to Amr ibn al-as while he was in Rafah, he did not receive it and read it until after he entered the borders of Egypt. Some believe that this was an ingenious trick that made him crawl towards Egypt without disobeying the Caliph's order. It was said that Amr ibn al-As went to Egypt on his own, and then Umar ibn al-Khattab asked for permission, and it was said that he did not ask for permission, so he got angry with him and sent him the mentioned book, and he did not read it until after he entered Egypt, and it was also said that the book was provided to him while he was in Al-Arish within the borders of Egypt.

The army reached al-Arish on Eid al-Adha on 10 Dhu al-Hijjah 18 AH, corresponding to December 12, 639 ad, and found it empty of Byzantine troops, so it entered it. He then turned south leaving the coast road, until he reached al-Farma. Amr laid siege to Al-Farma, and its Byzantine Garrison was fortified behind the walls, and skirmishes took place between the two sides that lasted for a month, while Yaqut al-Hamawi states that the fighting in Al-Farma lasted for two months, and then the Muslims stormed it on 19 Muharram 19 AH, corresponding to January 20, 640 ad. Then he marched to belbis, and during his March he conquered Senhor and Tanis. Amr laid siege to the city and fought its Turkish garrison for a month. The Romans had barricaded themselves in it under the leadership of the heretics, and there was "armanousa", the daughter of the Archon, and he equipped her with her money, her neighbors and her servants on her way to Caesarea to marry Constantine III. The Muslims entered the city of bilbis. Amr ibn al-as sent armanousa all her money to her father Al-muquq, in the company of Qais Ibn Saad Ibn Ubadah.

Amr ibn al-As walked from belbis, adjacent to the desert, passed the city of Ain Shams, and then descended to a village on the Nile named "um dunayn." When the archpriest learned of this, he came from Alexandria to the Babylonian fortress to supervise the fighting himself. Some skirmishes with the city's Garrison took place over several weeks, which did not yield a decisive result. Muslim historians mention that Al-Madad had twelve thousand fighters, and some also mention that it had only ten thousand. Muslims were delighted with the arrival of senior companions such as Zubair Ibn al-Awam, Abdah Ibn al-Samit, Al-Maqdad Ibn al-Aswad, Muslimah Ibn Mukhaled Al-Ansari, and then the garrison of Umm dunayn fell. Some of the Romans and their commanders managed to escape to the Babylonian fortress. After the arrival of supplies, Amr began to send military teams to control the various provinces. so he sent a squad of soldiers to control the city of Fayoum, and they took control of the Fayoum province. It penetrated into the southern Delta and captured Athrib and Menouf in the Menoufia region.

Babylonian fortress

Amr camped in Ain Shams, was preparing to attack the Babylonian fortress, tried to provoke the Byzantine soldiers, and get them out of the fortress. And already in the month of Sha'ban in 19 AH, corresponding to July 640 AD, the commander Theodore came out at the head of Twenty Thousand and marched them towards Ain Shams. When the Byzantines arrived, they thought that the Muslims had fled from Ain Shams, but on the way between the two camps; the members of the ambush prepared by AMR came out, and a band of Muslims swept the rear of the Byzantine army, which was surprised and taken by surprise, so they tried to flee towards um Denin, so the other band was applied to them, and they a few of them succeeded in reaching the fort, and a large group perished.

Then he focused his military efforts on the conquest of the fortress, so he marched to it in the month of Shawwal in 19 AH, corresponding to September 640 ad, and besieged it. He had not yet established control over the waterways. A number of Roman rulers began to leave for Alexandria, leaving the garrison to take over the task of defending it, and what increased their frustration and fear was that some Egyptians converted to Islam and joined the Islamic army led by Amr ibn al-As. The Romans and the Egyptians received him, where he assured them that they would be safe for themselves, their money, their churches, their crosses, their women, and their offspring if they accepted the payment of tribute. The archpriest asked AMR for a month to think about it, so he gave him three days. The archpriest left the Babylonian fortress and headed to Alexandria, where he sent the covenant of peace to Constantinople and asked Heraclius for his approval, but Heraclius refused the reconciliation, accused the archpriest of negligence and treason, exiled him, and the parties resumed fighting. The news of the death of Emperor Heraclius reached the garrison of the fort. They were upset about his death, and their fighting ability declined, which gave the Muslims the opportunity to tighten the siege before they stormed the fort on 21 Rabi al-akhir 20 AH, corresponding to April 9, 641 ad. Al-Zubayr Ibn Al-Awwam, with a group of Muslims fleeing, climbed the fence, and they grew up, and the people of the fort thought that the Muslims had broken into it, so they fled leaving their positions, so al-Zubayr came down and opened the fort door to the members of the Islamic army, and they entered it. And Amr gave the people of the fortress a covenant that read:

"In the name of Allah, the Most Merciful, the most merciful, this is what Amr ibn al-As gave the people of Egypt security over themselves, their food, their money, their churches, their land and sea, there is nothing more in this and nothing less, and the Nubians do not inhabit them and the people of Egypt have to give tribute if they come together on this peace and the increase of their and he chose to go, because he is safe until he reaches a safe place and gets out of our power, and they have what they have three thirds in each third of the collection of a third of what they have on what is in this book.

Conquest of Alexandria

Amr asked the Caliph for permission to march towards Alexandria to open it, he was given permission. he left a military garrison in the Babylonian fortress commanded by Kharja Ibn Huzafa. Amr did not find any military resistance along his way, except in naqiyus, located several leagues from manuf, in the village of saltis, and at the fortress of Creon, the last of the chain of forts before Alexandria, until he reached Alexandria in the middle of Rajab 20 AH, corresponding to late June 641 ad.

Alexandria was an impregnable city, with great fortresses, and Muslim soldiers camped near it, tightening the siege on the city. Amr moved his camp to a place far from the range of the catapults, between al-Hilweh and the palace of Fares. The situation lasted for two months. He launched raids on the cities of the Nile Delta and kept most of his soldiers on the siege of Alexandria. These Islamic Military teams have succeeded in taking control of the remaining villages and towns of the rest of the sea face.

Umar ibn al-Khattab slowed down the news of the conquest of Alexandria, so he sent Amr preaching to him, hurrying him and warning him that victory would not be the Muslims ' ally unless they sincerely intended, and asked him to preach to the people and urge them to fight their enemy and wish them patience and intention, and that Muslims pray to Allah and ask him victory.  Historical accounts differ about how the conquest of Alexandria was completed and the final evacuation of Rome from it, some said that the conquest was forced, while others said that it was a good thing, but it is indisputable that its entry under the authority of the state of the Rashidun Caliphate was on 1 Muharram 21 AH, corresponding to September 17, 642 ad.

His first mandate over Egypt

After the conquest of Egypt was completed, Omar ibn al-Khattab wrote to his Wali Amr ibn al-as asking him about the conditions of the country asking him to describe them to him, so Amr ibn al-As wrote a letter to him explaining the conditions of Egypt and describing them, Amr became the Wali of Egypt appointed by Caliph Omar ibn al-Khattab, and Amr began to carry out reforms and administrative work.

When 'Amr saw the Houses of Alexandria, he wanted to take them as his headquarters, and he said:" We have had enough houses, "so he wrote to' Umar ibn al-Khattab asking his permission for that, and 'Umar asked the messenger:" does it prevent water between me and the Muslims?" He said: "yes, O Prince of believers, if the fall has taken place. He wrote to AMR: "I do not like you to put Muslims in a house that diverts water between me and them in winter and summer, so do not make water between me and you. When I wanted to ride to you, my journey, so that I would come to you, I came". Amr had established his Fustat in the land of space and farms between the Babylonian fortress and Mount Mokattam during the siege of the fortress. When he opened the fort and decided to crawl towards Alexandria, he ordered to take off this blanket, and if a pigeon had hatched above, leave it until its chicks grow up and fly. When he returned from Alexandria after its conquest, he ordered his soldiers to disembark at Fustat and plan their role in it, and that spot was called Fustat. AMR was assigned to plan the Fustat by four of the Muslims, and they drew up a plan for each tribe. The first to build a room in Fustat was Kharja Ibn Hufafa, and then the city expanded, Aslam, Beli, Muaz, Laith, Anza, Thiel, Adwan, and others, and the Egyptians also landed in it. Thus, Amr ibn al-as founded a new city for Muslims in the year 21 AH, corresponding to the year 642 ad. He also built the first mosque in Egypt, known as the Amr ibn al-As mosque, also called the Al-Fath mosque or the ancient mosque.

Ibn Duqmaq narrates that Amr ibn al-As asked Qubaisa Ibn Kulthum Al-tajibi to make his house a mosque, and he answered his request and it was approved by the Muslims, and then Amr began to build it, so it was fifty cubits long and thirty wide. The collector in principle was much smaller than it is now. It is said that eighty companions, including al-Zubayr Ibn Al-Awwam, Al-Muqdad Ibn al-Aswad and ' Ubadah Ibn al-Samit, stood on the residence of his tribe. The mosque did not have a hollow mihrab; the first to build the mihrab was Qura Ibn shirk Al-Abbasi, and it had two doors opposite Dar Amr, two northern doors and two Western doors, and its length from the Qibla to the West was the same as the length of Dar AMR, and its roof was very low and had no bowl, and they prayed in its courtyard, and there were seven arms between it and Dar AMR, and the road was surrounded.

Conquest of Cyrenaica, Tripoli and Fezzan

Amr came out with his forces from Alexandria in the year 22 AH, corresponding to the year 643 ad, after he was assured of the stability of the situation in Egypt, and headed towards Cyrenaica belonging to the Byzantine Empire, inhabited by the Berber tribe of luwata, and sent a detachment of his soldiers led by Uqba Ibn Nafi to explore the conditions of Cyrenaica and gently. When Ibn al-as's horses reached Cyrenaica, they laid siege to it, and Amr ibn al-as offered them the three qualities that he had offered to the mokuks and the people of Egypt and before them the Levant, namely: Islam, tribute or fighting. The people of Cyrenaica found that they had no energy to fight the Muslims, so they accepted reconciliation on the condition that they pay a tribute of 13 thousand dinars to the Muslims, and sell those they loved from their children in their tribute, and it was also said a dinar for every adult.

Then Amr advanced with his soldiers to Tripoli, besieging it for a month to withstand the defenders. During the siege, Amr directed Uqba Ibn Nafi to open the Fezzan, so Ajdabiya opened a peace, and then continued until he reached zuweila, and her people reconciled with him, and completed the opening of the Fezzan. During the siege of Tripoli, a group of Muslims managed to enter between the walls of Tripoli and the Mediterranean Sea and fought the garrison of the sea, and its members shouted "Allahu akbar", the echoes of Takbir echoed in the alleys and roads of the city, its defenders panicked, chaos broke out in their ranks, so they carried what they could of their belongings and rushed to the ships and sailed on them fleeing, and when the guards saw the flight of the Byzantine garrison, they left their posts, and AMR and his army entered the city. Then Ibn al-as surprised the people of Sabratha with his stinginess, and the gates of the city were opened at the first Muslim onslaught. Ibn al-as sent to Umar ibn al-Khattab asking his permission to go to an African country, but the Caliph ordered him to stop there.

Abscess

Umar ibn al-Khattab was famous for his rudeness and severity with the governors, so one of the issues that Umar mistook for AMR was the issue of the delay of the abscess in one of the years, so Umar wrote to him:

"In the name of Allah, the Most Merciful, the most merciful, from Abdullah the Prince of believers to Amr ibn al-as, peace be upon you. But after that, I thought about you and what you are, and if your land is a wide, wide, high land whose people God has given a number, skin and strength in land and sea, and it was treated by the Pharaohs and they did a good job there, with the severity of their insanity and disbelief, I was impressed by that, and I was impressed by what I was amazed that she and I hoped that you would wake up and rise to that, so if you come to me with objections that you are filled with, you do not agree with what is in me. I am not able to meet you without what was taken from the abscess before that, and I do not know, however, what alienated you from my book and your arrest, although, you are a sufficient experimenter, it is true that innocence is beneficial, and although it is a waste, of course, it is something other than what you happen to yourself, and I left to be plagued by that from you last year, please wake up and do not be alarmed that the truth will be taken from you and given to you, for the river comes out of the stream and the truth is deeper, and let me and what I am about to be frozen, for the concealment and peace have passed away.»
Al-maqrizi mentioned more than one book between them on this issue, the last of which was Amr's reply:

"In the name of Allah, the Most Merciful, the most merciful, to' Umar ibn al-Khattab, from 'Amr ibn al -' as, peace be upon you, I thank you Allah, there is no God but he, but after: the book of the Prince of the believers came to me, slowing me down in the Kharaj and claiming that I deviate from the truth and deviate from the way, and I and Allah do not wish for the good of what you know, but the people of the Earth looked at me until you realize their abundance, so I looked at the Muslims, and it was better to be kind to them than to break with them, so they insist on selling what is indispensable to them, and peace be upon them.»
 

Omar's punishment for AMR and his son

It is narrated that Muhammad ibn Amr ibn al-as raced with a man from the people of Egypt, and the man overcame him, and Muhammad beat him, so the man went to Umar ibn al-Khattab and complained to him, so Umar wrote to Amr ibn al-as to come with his son, and when they came to Medina, Umar ordered Muhammad to strip off his clothes and beat the Egyptian: "While we were at Umar in Mina, when a man from the people of Egypt entered upon him and said, O Amir of the believers, that I and Muhammad ibn Amr ibn al-as were ahead of him, he assaulted me and beat me between the Muslim backs, saying, take it, I am the son of the generous, and suddenly his father asked his permission for what he had done to me, so he imprisoned me for four months, then sent me, so I went out on a Muslim pilgrimage, and I came to you to take my darkness, and he said, Hurry up, Ali, Amr ibn al-As, and his son said, and and he called Muhammad ibn' Amr, and he stripped off his clothes, and then the Egyptian was able to whip, and then he said to him, beat and beat the Egyptian, and Omar said, take it, and you are the son of the mean, until he left him, he said, and we and Allah what We desire that he increase it until he was removed from it, and Umar said, As for the one with whose hand I myself would have beaten him, what I held your hand for, what I beat, and then Ali said Amr, and I brought him a bald Sheikh, and his clothes were torn, and we, Allah, we long to beat him, and then he said, Strike, and he said, 'O Prince of believers, he locked me up, and he did not beat me,' he said, 'and Allah, if you hit him, what I held your hand for, I would not have beaten, 'say,' AMR, but I did this, we don't know for you, he said, 'yes, go where you will, and Allah, you are a"people are just like them and like you, except as people who have been taken on a journey, and they said to a man who has come forward, so our mother is in our prayers and I swear to you in our prayers, whether they are doing better or not," he said.

The death of Osman and the signing of Safin

Amr returned to Medina, and it was said that he even retired to Palestine in his palace called (Ajlan). When Uthman ibn Affan was killed on the 18th of Dhu al-Hijjah in the year 35 Ah, Amr ibn al-As came out of the city, heading towards the Levant, and said: "by Allah, o people of the city, no one lives there, and he realizes that he killed this man, except Allah Almighty and the best efforts of those who could not win him, let him escape." so he left and his sons Abdullah and Muhammad walked with him, and Hassan ibn Thabit came out after him. He arrived in Damascus and pledged allegiance to Amr ibn al-As, MU'awiya ibn Abi Sufyan in 36 Ah. Mu'awiyah and the people of al-Sham refused to swear allegiance to Ali ibn Abi Talib, and they said that we will not swear allegiance until he gets retribution from the murderers of Uthman. After the signing of the camel, Ali ibn Abi Talib sent Jarir ibn Abdullah Al-Bijli to MU'awiya inviting him to pledge allegiance, so MU'awiya consulted Amr ibn al-As and the heads of the people of al-Sham, so they refused to swear allegiance so that he would avenge the killers of Uthman. When MU'awiya learned of the movement of the Iraqi army towards the Levant, he gathered his advisers from the notables of the people of the Levant, so they swore allegiance to MU'awiya on demand with the blood of Uthman and the fight, and Amr ibn al-as equipped the army, convened the brigades, and in the army he made a preacher inciting them, he said: "The people of Iraq have dispersed their crowd and weakened their Thorn, and let them alone, and then the people of Basra are contrary to me, and I may see them and kill them, and their boxes and the boxes of the people of Kufa were dedicated on the day of the camel, but he walked in a few fragments, and some of them killed your caliph, Allah Allah has the right to waste it and in your blood to nullify it ."And they marched to two rows, and Amr ibn al-As was on all the horses of the people of the Levant. The fighting lasted a month in two rows. As soon as the month of Muharram entered, the two teams began to say goodbye and truce to make peace.

Arbitration

The two teams agreed on arbitration, so Muawiya assigned Amr bin Al-As a referee from him, and Ali Abu Musa al-Asha'ri was assigned a referee from him, and the meeting of the two referees was held in Dumat Al-Jandal in Ramadan in the year 37 AH, corresponding to 658 AD. In the story of the arbitration, there are many narrations on which the Sunnis, the group, and the Shiites disagree, as many of these narrations are believed by the Sunnis to be either weak or objectionable, and vice versa. Muhammad ibn Jarir al-Tabari mentioned in his history the text of the document:

This is what Ali ibn Abi Talib and Muawiyah ibn Abi Sufyan were prosecuted for; Ali was prosecuted against the people of Kufa and those of their Shiites who were believers and Muslims with them, and Muawiyah was prosecuted against the people of al-Sham and those who were believers and Muslims with them.

We come down in the judgment of God Almighty and his book, and no one else unites us.
The two wise men in the book of Allah Almighty - Abu Musa al-Ash'ari, Abdullah ibn Qais, and Amr ibn al-As al-Qurashi-did not find the fulfillment of it, and what they did not find in the book of Allah Almighty, the just and all-inclusive Sunnah is undifferentiated.
They took the rulings from Ali and Mu'awiyah and from the soldiers of the covenants and the Covenant and the confidence of the people, that they are secure for themselves and their families, and the nation has supporters for what they receive.
The believers and Muslims of both sects must abide by the covenant of Allah and his covenant according to what is in this newspaper, and that their cause is obligatory on the believers; security, integrity, and the placement of weapons among them wherever they walk on themselves, their families, their money, and their witnesses and absentees.
Abdullah bin Qais and 'Amr bin Al-'as are bound by Allah's Covenant and his covenant to rule among this nation, and not to turn it back in war or division until they disobey.
He postponed the trial until Ramadan, and if they liked to delay that, others made him agree with them.
If one of the two rulers dies, the Shia Emir chooses his place and does not spare the people of Al-Mu'awiyah and Al-Qast.
The place where they spend their time is a place of justice between the people of Kufa and the people of al-Sham, and if they are pleased and love, then only those who want to attend them will attend it.
The verdicts are taken from the witnesses.
Then they write their testimony on what is in this newspaper.
They are supporters of those who left what is in this newspaper, and they wanted atheism and injustice in it.
Oh, God, we are asking you who left what in this newspaper.

 Amr ibn al-As Ibn Asaker stated that this document was announced in Shaaban in the year 38 AH, corresponding to 659 ad, so people gathered to them, and he narrates that there were words between them in secret that Amr ibn al-as disagreed with, so Abu Musa came and spoke and deposed Aliya and MU'awiya, then Amr spoke and deposed Aliya and MU'awiya, so the two rulers separated, the people of al-Sham swore allegiance to MU'awiya in Dhu al-Qa'dah. Ibn Kathir al-Dimashqi commented on this story and said: "This is not true, and it is narrated only by those who do not document his narration from the following narrators, such as Abu makhnaf lot Ibn Yahya. Muhammad ibn Isma'il al-Bukhari narrated in the great history a narrative that contradicts this story, and it is remembered that Abu Musa and Umar agreed to depose Alia and MU'awiya and entrust the order of succession to one of the notables of the companions with whom the Prophet died and he was satisfied with them, al - Bukhari narrated from Haddin Ibn al-Mundhir said: when Amr deposed MU'awiya came - that is, Haddin Ibn al-Mundhir-and he beat his-so-and-so, go and see what this one told me about. So I came to him, and I said, ' Tell me about the matter that you and Abu Musa wished , how did you make it?' He said: people may have said in that what they said, and Allah was not the case with what they said, but I said to Abu Musa: what do you see in this matter He said that he saw in the exile those who died the messenger of Allah (blessings and peace of Allah be upon him) and he was satisfied with them. I said, ' Where are you making me and Sid?' And he said,"If he helps you, you will help him.

His second mandate over Egypt

After the arbitration incident, the fighting resumed again and MU'awiya's side was able to achieve some victories, and Amr ibn al-as marched to Egypt to annex it to MU'awiya's sultanate in 38 ah, and MU'awiya equipped him in six thousand fighters. Muhammad ibn Abu Bakr was the wali appointed by Ali. The army of Amr ibn al-as was victorious and Muhammad ibn Abi Bakr was killed by Muawiyah Ibn Hadeej. Then Amr marched to Fustat and captured it in Safar in 38 Ah. So Muawiyah accepted him as his guardian, and he gave it to him on the understanding that he would give the tender of the army and what remained for him, and the state of Egypt was settled for Amr ibn al-as again. Ibn Asaker narrated that when the whole thing came into MU'awiya's hands, the taste of Egypt became too much for AMR as long as he lived, and Amr saw that the whole thing had been reconciled with him and with his management and care and striving in it, and he thought that MU'awiya would increase the Levant over Egypt, but MU'awiya did not, so Amr denied him, so it was different, and some Muslims intervened in the matter and reconciled between them, and they agreed that AMR should have the mandate of Egypt for seven years, and that AMR should listen and obey MU'awiya. They agreed and made an agreement on this, and witnesses testified to them about it, and then Amr went to Egypt as its governor, and that was at the end of the year 39 Ah, he stayed only about three years until he died as a prince over it.

Assassination attempt

Three of the Kharijites gathered, and unanimously ordered them to kill Ali ibn Abi Talib, Muawiya ibn Abi Sufyan and Amr ibn al-as all on one day, which is the 17th of Ramadan in the year 40 AH, corresponding to January 23, 661 ad. As for Abd al-Rahman Ibn muljam, he succeeded in stabbing Alia during the dawn prayer in the Kufa mosque, with a poisoned sword on his head. While the pilgrim Tamimi who went to assassinate MU'awiya did not succeed, and the one who went to kill Amr, his name was Amr ibn Bakr al-Tamimi, he waited that night for AMR to come out of his house to kill him, but he did not come out because of a painful illness, and Kharja bin huzafa was told to pray with people, and while he was out in prayer, the man struck him with a sword and killed him thinking that he was Amr ibn al-as, when he learned that he was not Amr, he said: "I wanted AMR and Allah wanted me out," and when the man stood in AMR's arms he cried and was told: "I am afraid of death with this foot," and he said: "no, god, but it is inevitable that my friend will win by killing Ali and Muawiyah, and I will not win by killing AMR," so Amr ordered to beat his neck, and he was beaten and crucified.

His death and mausoleum

He died on the night of Eid al-Fitr 1 Shawwal in the year 43 Ah In Egypt and he was eighty-eight years old, He was buried near Muqattam. The Golden Guardian quoted in the biography of the flags of the nobles about his death: "when Amr ibn al-As died, he said:" Kill Mali, "so they called him and found him fifty-two tides, and he said:" whoever takes him with what, I wish he was a salesman, then he ordered the guards and they surrounded his palace and his sons said: What is this?" And he said,"what you're seeing is that this means something to me.».

A true Muslim came in:

Amr ibn al-as said that he cried for a long time when he was dying, so he made his son say: "Father, what about the polytheism of the messenger of Allaah (peace and blessings of Allaah be upon him) with such, and what about the polytheism of the messenger of Allaah (peace and blessings of Allaah be upon him) with such?" He said, and he kissed his face, and he said, " the best thing we can do is testify that there is no God but Allah and that Muhammad is the messenger of Allah, that I have been on three plates: you have seen me, and no one is more hateful to the messenger of Allah (peace and blessings of Allah be upon him) than I am. When Allah placed Islam in my heart, the Prophet (peace and blessings of Allaah be upon him) came and said, "simplify your oath, so that I may swear allegiance to you." he extended his right hand and said, "so I clasped my hand, he said,' What do you have, Amr?' He said: "I said: I wanted to stipulate. He said, " What is it?""I said: Forgive Me. "As for me, I knew that Islam destroys what was before, that immigration destroys what was before, and that Hajj destroys what was before,"he said. There was no one who loved me from the messenger of Allaah (peace and blessings of Allaah be upon him), and yes, in my eyes from him, and I could not bear to fill my eyes from him out of reverence for him, and if I were asked to describe what I would say, because I was not filling my eyes from him, and if I died in that case, I would have hoped to be one of the people of paradise, and then let us have things that I don't know what I am in, and if I died, no wailing, no fire, and if you buried me, hang on the dirt, and then stand around my grave as much as you"I will cut the carrots and divide their flesh so that I can tame you, and see what I am reviewing the messengers of my Lord".       Amr ibn al-as
Abu'l-Abbas al-mubared reported that when Amr's death came, Ibn ' Abbas entered upon him and said: "I entered upon Amr ibn al-as, he was dying, and Abdullah ibn' Amr entered upon him and said to him: "O Abdullah, take that box", and he said: I have no need in it, he said: "it is full of money", he said: I have no need of it, and Amr said: "I wish it was full of Ara", he said: and I said: "O Abu Abdullah, you were saying: I find you He said: "I find the sky as if applied to the Earth, and I am between them, and I see me as if breathing from a needle," and then he said: "Oh God, take from me until you are satisfied". Then he raised his hands and said: "O Allah, I commanded, so we disobeyed, and I finished, so we rode, so there is no innocent, so I apologize, and I am not strong, so I will win, but there is no God but Allah" three, and then he exclaimed.».

I prayed the funeral prayer for him after the Eid al-Fitr prayer, so tomorrow his son Abdullah, even if he stood out, put him in the cowardice until the alleys were cut off with people, until it was said: "there was no one left who witnessed Eid except prayed for him and buried him". They agreed that he was buried at the foot of the Mokattam plateau, in the direction of Al-Fakhr, and it was the way of the people to Hijaz. The author of the book "Egyptian shrines" stated that his Western grave was before Imam Shafi'i, in what is known as the tombs of the Quraysh. Its effect seems to have been lost. Ibn al-Zayyat reported that Ibn al-As and Uqba Ibn ' Aamir al-Juhani were in the same tomb, and Abu Basrah Al-Ghaffari was said to be with them.

His qualities

 "Amr ibn al-Aas stood up on the pulpit, and I saw a four-legged man, because of his stature and abundance of important things, he was dressed in mush clothes, as if he had two turbans, a suit and a turban shone on him and a meal". Shams al-Din al-dhahabi said: "Amr was one of the individuals of the age, shrewd, diligent, firm, opinionated, and eloquent .».

His worship

Amr ibn al-as used to recite the fast, and he was rarely injured by the night when the first supper was served, more than by magic. About Abu Qais Mawla ' Amr, he said: "I heard him say, I heard the messenger of Allaah (peace and blessings of Allaah be upon him) say: 'separate between our fasting and the fasting of the people of the book who eat magic'.». Amr ibn Dinar said: it happened between al-Mughira Ibn Sha'bah and 'Amr Kalam, so he cursed al-Mughira' AMR, and ' Amr said: is it possible for me to be the son of Sha'bah! His son, Abdullah, said to him: 'by Allah, she called for the tribes and he forbade her. And when death came to him, he gathered his guards and said to them: whatever companion I was to you, they said: You were to us a sincere companion who would honor us and give us and do and do.

His version of the conversation

There are not many hadiths by Amr ibn al-as, which amount to about forty, and Bukhari and a Muslim agreed on three of them, and Bukhari alone Hadith, and a Muslim with two hadiths. Amr narrated about the Prophet Muhammad, about Aisha, about his brother Hisham Ibn al-as, Abu Bakr al-Siddiq, MU'awiya ibn Abi Sufyan and Sharhabil Ibn Hasna. His son Abdullah, Mullah Abu Qais, qubaisa bin thuweib, Abu Uthman Al-Nahdi, Ali bin Rabah, Qais bin Abi Hazim, Urwa bin Zubair, Ja'far bin al-Muttalib bin Abi Wadaa, Abdullah bin Menin, Hassan Basri mursala, Abdul Rahman bin shamasa Al-Mahri, Amara bin Khuzaima bin Thabit, Muhammad Bin Kaab Al-qarazi, Abu Mura mula Aqil, Abu Abdullah al-Asha'ri, Abu ghadiya Al-Yami, Abu Bakr ibn Amr al-Ansari, Abu dhubiya Al-Kalai, Abu kabsha Al-Sulli, Abu Hashim Ibn utba, Akhdar Ibn Khut Al-habrani, Asaad Ibn Sahl al-Ansari, Ismail ibn Abi Khalid, Muhammad Ibn Omar ibn Abi Salma, Tamim Ibn Salma al-khuzai, Ja'far ibn Abdullah Al-Ansari, Habib Ibn Aws Al-Thaqafi, Abu Saleh Al-Saman, Rashid bin Saad al-maqrai, Zaid bin Aslam, Zaid bin Wahb, Saeed bin Musaib, sharhabeel bin Shafa, Shuaib bin Mohammed Al-sahmi, Amer al-Shaabi, Amer Al-Ahwal, Abdul Rahman bin Thabit, Abdul Rahman bin Jubair, Abdullah bin Abi Al-hathil, Abdullah bin al-Harith al-Hashimi, Abu Salma bin Abdul Rahman Bin Auf, Abdullah Bin Omar bin al-Khattab, Alqama bin Waqqas, Amr bin Maimon, and later Ibn Hamid, Muhammad ibn al-munkadir, murthid ibn Abdullah al-yazni, Amr ibn Muslim Ibn Abi Aqrab, Hayyan ibn Abi jablah, Mizan al-Basri, and Hani Al-Adawi.

His eloquence and poetry

AMR was famous for his eloquence and eloquence, the sobriety of his poetry, and he had a lot of sermons, where he preached Friday sermons in his mosque in Fustat throughout his tenure for Egypt. He narrated that he was a wise man, a writer, a reader, eloquent in his prose and systems, and traces were narrated to him in poetry and long speeches. When he saw the man, 'Umar ibn al-Khattab said,' Hallelujah, the creator of this and the creator of 'Amr ibn al -' as is one. Critics spoke about AMR's letter to Omar ibn al-Khattab in describing Egypt and its eloquence. Ibn taghri Bardi narrates that Umar ibn al-Khattab, when he read the letter, said: "God knows you, son of Al-as! She described a story to me as if I was watching it". The French writer octave Ozan translated this letter, published it in the newspaper "Le Figaro", and Ozan commented on the letter and described it as: "the greatest verses of eloquence in all the languages of the world". He also has many verses, one of his poems is what Amara Ibn al-Walid addressed about the Najashi, and said:

The view of Christians and Orientalists

Islamic sources mention that Amr ibn al-As treated the Egyptians with gentleness and kindness, relieved them of taxes and tribute, and made them less than during the reign of Al-maqqoos. Some Egyptian Christian writers also praise Amr's position with Benjamin I, who was fleeing from the persecution of the Romans, and Amr ibn al-as allowed him to return to his post after spending thirteen years as an incognito refugee for fear of being arrested, he was returned to his position and he was able to perform his religious duties with reassurance, and he was attracting people to his to his followers: "I returned to my country Alexandria, and found in it a mother of fear, and reassurance after the calamity, and Allah has diverted from us the persecution of the infidels and with arrows". The Lebanese thinker and researcher Edmond Rabat states that the policy of AMR and Muslims was based on non-coercion in religion, which attracted the hearts of Christians to Islam and made Christians prefer to live under it.

While a number of Christian and Orientalist writers criticize Omar and believe that he was ruling with severity and horror, such as bishop Yohanna Al-naqiusi, who said:"Amr ibn al-As arrested the Roman judges and tied their hands and feet with chains and wooden hoops, plundered a lot of money and doubled the money tax on the peasants and forced them to provide horse feed, and did many terrible things. The terror occurred in all Egyptian cities and the people began to flee to the city of Alexandria, leaving their property, money and animals. The invaders were joined by many foreign residents of Egypt who came from neighboring countries and converted to their religion, the invaders entered the cities and seized the money of all the Egyptians who escaped."The Coptic writer and researcher, father bijol Basili, also rejected the prevailing belief about the Egyptians welcoming Muslims, saying:" the Copts also strongly rejected all types and methods of imposing protection on them or saving them from all the colonialists and invaders who came to invoke the protection of the Copts, despite what the Copts were suffering from injustice, persecution and cruelty. The truth is that this lie of welcome is the famous lie that is always invoked and launched by every colonizer, conqueror or occupier, almost no one has deviated from it throughout history and everywhere.it is a transparent curtain with which the Conqueror, invader or occupier tries to cover up his true motives, under the illusion that he has been able to hide the truth, and to legitimize his existence that the people were the ones who begged and welcomed him, and he has no objection to pin on citizens charges of treason to drop the crime of rape. This happened and is happening not only with those who conquered, occupied or colonized Egypt, but with the majority of the peoples who were afflicted by the conquest or were invaded or colonized, the same argument and lie is the same twisted and deceptive method to justify the events.»

His family

AMR was married three or four times, and his wives are:

Rita bint munbah bin Al-Hajjaj bin Amer bin Huthaifa bin Saad bin Sahm bin Amr, is his first wife, and the mother of Abdullah bin Amr.
Khawla bint Hamza Ibn al-Salil, a woman from Beli, who is the mother of his second son Muhammad ibn Amr.
Umm Kulthum bint Uqba was the wife of Zayd Ibn harithah, who was killed on the day of Mutah, after which she married Zubayr Ibn al-Awam, gave birth to Zaynab and then divorced her, so she married Abd al-Rahman Ibn Auf and gave birth to Ibrahim, Humaida and Ishmael, and when he died from her, Amr ibn al-as married her, and she died a month after his marriage, during the period of Ali's caliphate.
Muhammad ibn Habib al-Baghdadi mentioned that he married Atika bint Zayd, and it is said that AMR and Muhammad ibn Abi Bakr got engaged to her and she abstained from them.

His sons

Amr ibn al-As had only two sons, namely:

Abdullah ibn ' Amr, his mother Rita bint munbah Ibn Al-Hajjaj al-sahmi al-Qurashi, a famous modernist, jurist and journalist, was born around the Year 7 BC Ah. A number of historians have stated that Abdullah was only twelve years younger than his father, Amr.
Muhammad ibn ' Amr, whose mother was a girl named Khawla bint Hamza Ibn al-Salil, came with his father to Damascus, and witnessed the fall of two rows in the row of MU'awiya ibn Abi Sufyan. And no heels for him.

His offspring

Amr ibn al-As had many offspring, most of whom lived in Taif, the Al-Waht area, and some of them lived in Mecca. Ibn Hazm Al-Andalusi mentioned them: "Amr ibn al-As was born Muhammad, without a following, and Abdullah, one of the noble companions.