Arquitectura dos templos egípcios

Egyptian temples were established in ancient Egypt and areas under Egyptian rule for the official worship of deities and commemorations of the pharaohs here, We might suggest that temples were often constructed for the worship of kings.

Three important elements based on ancient Egyptian worship: making sacrifices to the gods, celebrating religious festivals, and combating the powers of chaos. In order to continue adhering to Maat, the divine order of the universe, the ancient Egyptian deities made these rituals appropriate. The pharaohs were responsible for dwelling and caring for the gods, who devoted enormous resources to the construction and maintenance of the temple. For reasons of necessity, the pharaohs delegated most of their ritual duties to a group of priests.

Most of the residents were excluded from direct participation in the rituals and were forbidden from entering the holiest areas of the temple. However, the temple was an important religious site for all Egyptians, who went there to pray, make offerings, and seek guidance from the abode of the gods within. Ancient Egyptian worship focused on three important elements: making sacrifices to the gods, celebrating religious festivals, and overcoming the forces of chaos. . These rituals were deemed necessary for the ancient Egyptian deities in order to continue adhering to Maat, the divine order of the universe.

The dwellings and care of the gods were the duties of the pharaohs, who devoted enormous resources to the construction and maintenance of the temple.

For reasons of necessity, the pharaohs delegated most of their ritual duties to a group of priests. Most of the residents were excluded from direct participation in the rituals and were forbidden from entering the holiest areas of the temple. However, the temple was an important religious site for all Egyptians, who went there to pray, make offerings, and seek guidance from the abode of the gods within.

The most sacred part of the temple was the sanctuary, which usually contained a cult image and a statueTemples continued in Egypt despite the nation's decline and eventual loss of independence during the Roman Empire in 30 BC. With the advent of Christianity, the traditional Egyptian religion faced increasing neglect, and the temple communities disappeared during the fourth and sixth centuries. The buildings they left behind have suffered centuries of destruction and neglect.

Here, we are listing a number of ancient Egyptian temples. We've ordered them according to their location starting in the south of the country to the north: Temples of Abu Simbel, Kalabsha temple, Elephants of temples, Kom Ombo temple, Edfu Temple, Abydos temple complex, Hatshepsut Temple, Karnak Temple, Luxor temple, Dendera Temple, Temple of Medinet Habu.

And now we will talk about the most famous temples in Egypt1-Karnak Temple

The Karnak Temple is located to the west of Thebes, about three kilometers north of the Luxor temple is the largest and most important Egyptian temple. The ancient Egyptians called it "Ibt Sot," which means "the chosen spot for the thrones of Amun." Where he was dedicated to the worship of the god Amun, head of the holy trinity of Thebes with Mut and Khonsu. It consists of a group of temples and architectural elements that were built by the kings of ancient Egypt from the Middle Kingdom to the Ptolemaic era. Recently discovered Ptolemaic and Roman baths in front of the first pylon.

Karnak includes the temple of the goddess Mut, which can be reached through the eastern rams' road from the tenth pylon of the Karnak temple, and is surrounded on the east, south, and west by the Holy Lake.

The temple was dedicated to the goddess Mut, the wife of Amun-Ra and the mother of the god Khonsu, and it was built by Amenhotep III and the kings added several additions to it until the Ptolemaic era. The temple includes within its walls two small temples; The first was dedicated to the god Khonsu and dates back to the eighteenth dynasty, while the second was dedicated to the worship of the god Amun and dates back to the era of Ramses III.

The temple begins with an edifice, then a courtyard with several statues of the goddess "Sekhmet", which is depicted in the form of a lady with the head of a lioness, which is an image of the goddess Mut. Then we reach another courtyard with columns, then the hall of the masters, followed by the Holy of Holies.

2-Abu Simbel temple

It is located on the west bank of Lake Nasser, 290 km southwest of AswanThey date the temple of Abu Simbel with the era of King Ramses II (1279-1212 BC). They pitted a high sandstone plateau 4 km south of their current location, to which they were moved in the campaign to save the monuments of Nubia after the establishment of the High Dam in 1960 AD.

O sítio de Abu Simbel inclui dois templos, nomeadamente, o Grande Templo de Abu Simbel, que foi dedicado à adoração de "Ra Hur Akti" e "Amun Ra" Ptah e do próprio rei, e o pequeno templo de Abu Simbel, que se situa a 100 metros do primeiro templo que foi dedicado à deusa Hathor e à rainha Nefertari, a principal esposa do rei.

O nome "Abu Simbel" foi dado a este site pelo viajante suíço "Johann Ludwig Burckhardt" conhecido como "Ibrahim Burckhardt" que descobriu o site em 1813 DC quando uma criança chamada "Abu Simbel" o levou até ele.

A importância do Grande Templo de Abu Simbel deve-se à sua associação com o fenómeno do sol a atravessar a face da estátua do Faraó Ramsés II duas vezes por ano. A primeira corresponde ao seu aniversário, correspondente a 22 de Outubro, e a segunda, a 22 de Fevereiro, para comemorar a sua coroação. O templo também apresenta um desenho arquitectónico único; onde a sua fachada é clicada na rocha, e é decorada com quatro enormes estátuas do rei Ramsés II, cada uma com cerca de 20 m de comprimento, e junto à fachada há um corredor que conduz ao interior do templo, que bica na rocha a uma profundidade de 48 m e as suas paredes são decoradas com cenas que registam as vitórias e conquistas do rei, incluindo a Batalha de Kadesh, na qual ele venceu os Hittites. Quanto ao pequeno templo de Abu Simbel, o rei Ramsés II ofereceu-o à rainha Nefertari, sua esposa principal, e seu amante, e a sua fachada está adornada com seis enormes estátuas de igual tamanho representando o rei e a rainha, numa clara demonstração do elevado estatuto que a rainha gozava com o seu marido, e o templo estende-se até ao telefone
teau a uma profundidade de 24 m, e as suas paredes interiores decoram um grupo Entre as cenas maravilhosas que representam a rainha adorando as diferentes divindades, seja com o rei ou sozinha.