The Ancient Pharaoh Mamluks, also known as the Mamluk Sultanate of Egypt and Syria, had significant political and military roles during their rule in Egypt and parts of Syria. Here are some key aspects of their political and military roles:
Political Role:
Establishment of a Dynasty: The Mamluks rose to power in Egypt following the overthrow of the Ayyubid Dynasty in the 13th century. They established their own dynasty, known as the Bahri or Bahriyya Mamluks (1250–1382) and later the Burji Mamluks (1382–1517).
Sultans: The Mamluks ruled as a series of sultans, with each sultan nominally leading the empire. The position of sultan was often contested, leading to frequent changes in leadership through political intrigue, assassinations, and power struggles.
De facto Rulers: While the sultans held the highest authority, the Mamluks themselves, particularly the Bahri Mamluks, often held significant power and influence in the governance of the sultanate. They had a system of councils and amirs (military commanders) who played important roles in decision-making.
Relations with the Islamic Caliphate: The Mamluks maintained a complex relationship with the Abbasid Caliphate in Baghdad. While they acknowledged the nominal authority of the caliphs, they often acted independently in practice.
Military Role:
Military Slavery: The Mamluks were originally slave soldiers who were brought to Egypt primarily as cavalry soldiers. They were of Turkic, Circassian, and other non-Arab origins and were trained for military service.
Elite Cavalry: The Mamluk cavalry was renowned for its skill and effectiveness in battle. They played a crucial role in defending the Mamluk Sultanate against external threats, including Mongol invasions and Crusader campaigns.
Military Campaigns: The Mamluks conducted military campaigns against various adversaries, including the Crusader states in the Levant, the Mongol Empire, and other regional powers. Their victories over the Crusaders, particularly at the Battle of Ain Jalut in 1260, are considered significant in the history of the region.
Defense of Islam: The Mamluks saw themselves as defenders of Islam and often framed their military campaigns as holy wars (jihads). Their success in repelling Mongol invasions and retaking Jerusalem from the Crusaders bolstered their reputation as champions of Islam.
