History of Egypt

The Middle Kingdom era is considered one of the most brilliant eras of Pharaonic Egypt, where it was called the era of economic prosperity because the kings of the central country undertook many projects to invest natural resources in order to advance the country. Mentuhotep II managed to unite the country again after the state of chaos that affected Egypt during the era of the first transitional era.

The New Kingdom of Egypt, also known as the Egyptian Empire, is the period of ancient Egyptian history between the 16th century B.C. and the 11th century B.C. It was Egypt's most brilliant and prosperous era. Ramses II was considered one of the most famous kings of this country.

Akhenaton is the pharaoh and religious reformer who ruled Egypt for seventeen years. His religious reform was to make the solar disk "Aton" the center of Egyptian religious life and to erase the name of the main Egyptian god "Amun" and his wife "Mut" from monuments and documents throughout the Egyptian Empire.

It can be said that the Islamic conquest of Egypt was in the eighteenth year of migration, which is the year corresponding to 640 A.D. during the caliphate of Umar ibn al-Khattab - may Allah be pleased with him - and the leader of the conqueror was the wily Arab companion Amr ibn al-As, may Allah be pleased with him, and he took the road to the Mediterranean coast, reached Al-Arish and conquered it without any significant resistance.

Egypt is one of the first countries to preach the Gospel message, and before that, the Lord Jesus Christ came as a child with his mother and stepfather Joseph when the angel of the Lord commanded them to go to Egypt because the king intended to kill the king. child Jesus (Matthew 2: 13-15). The Gospel message arrived in Egypt with the apostle Mark, who wrote one of the Four Gospels.

If the Hellenistic kingdoms fell one after the other to the Romans, Egypt remained independent and did not become a Roman state until 30 BC.

The era of Ptolemaic Egypt began during the period of Ptolemy I who declared himself pharaoh of Egypt in 305 BC, and the Ptolemies are a family of Macedonian origin who came to Egypt after the death of Alexander the Great in 323 BC.

the First dynasty of ancient Egypt, was the first Egyptian family that ruled from 3200 BC to 3000 BC. And it is called with the second Egyptian family the title of the ancient era. All sources of Egyptian historiography consistently state that Menes was the first pharaoh.

In fact, so far, we do not know the reasons that led to the fall of the First Dynasty and the rise of the second Dynasty. We do not know the incidents that occurred and ended with the seizure of the throne by another family, and we also ignore the connection between the two families if there is a fact of the transmission of the king from one family to another. We follow Maniton in the divided families, there is no doubt that they have enough documents to justify this division.

The ancient kingdom begins with the beginning of the third dynasty, but in terms of a pure sequence of events, you find that the transition from the second family to the third family took place without any separation or interruption. We find that the first of the kings established a statue of his predecessor, in addition to the fact that we find that the queen "Nai Maat Habi Nymaathapy", who was called by the title "Mother of the royal children."

The fourth Egyptian dynasty is the fourth of the families that ruled Egypt from (2575 B.C. - 2465 B.C.), followed by the fifth Egyptian family and the sixth Egyptian family and all from the era of the Ancient Empire. The capital of Egypt at that time was Memphis and King Senefru is considered to be the founder of the fourth Egyptian family.

The fourth dynasty was followed by the fifth dynasty and is composed of 9 kings who ruled Egypt from 2465 to 2323 B.C. Find out more about the fifth dynasty of ancient Egyptian history with Cairo Top Tours!

The Egyptian Sixth Dynasty, with the Third Dynasty, the Fourth Dynasty, and the Fifth Dynasty together form the Old Kingdom. We have not yet inferred the reasons that led to the transfer of power from the Fifth Dynasty to the Sixth Dynasty, but it appears that this transfer took place in an atmosphere not enveloped by any political tumult.

The seventh dynasty is a well-known king in Egyptian history. Seventh to tenth families, as well as the eleventh, are known as the First Intermediate Period. Little is known of the kings of the seventh and eighth dynasties, as it was a period of confusion in the history of Egypt.

During the Eighth Dynasty era, we found that the pharaohs of this family remained conservative in calling themselves by the names of their predecessors in most cases. For example, we find among the kings of the Eighth Dynasty, five pharaohs called the name "Nefer Ka Ra" and one was called "Djedkara" and another called himself "Nefer Er Kara".

We know nothing about the conflict that probably arose between the princes of Ahnasia and the later Eighth Dynasty kings at Memphis, and we know nothing about the position of the governors of the provinces of the new family when they were raised, but it can be said that the general conditions did not differ much from the previous ones and the new kings continued to demand kindness from the powerful rulers and to ask them for help.

The reasons for the transfer of government from dynasty IX to dynasty X are still unknown, especially since we recognize through the names of their kings a type of communication. The Egyptians also used the phrase "Khatti dynasty" to refer to them. It is never ruled out that the division of the pharaohs of Heraclius into two families was due to a reinterpretation of the origins of the Egyptian monarchy. Be that as it may, the tenth family includes fourteen pharaohs, most of whom are unknown.

Before the French campaign against Egypt, Charles Majalon, the French consul in Egypt, presented his report to his government on February 9, 1798 A.D., inciting it to the necessity of occupying Egypt, showing the importance of the seizure of Egyptian produce and trade by his country. and enumerating the advantages expected to accrue to France behind That.

The porcelain industry that spread during the era of the Naqada I began to disappear and began to appear plates, cups, and ornamental vases made with the mixed child. The formation of this substance was more difficult than the formation of the indigo child, but solid vessels suitable for preserving food for a long time are saved.

The eleventh family is the eleventh dynasty of the ruling families in Pharaonic Egypt and ruled from 2134 B.C. to 1991 B.C. The first date of the Middle Kingdom begins with the rule of the first ruler in Thebes, named Entef, and the second date begins with the realization of the political unity of the country, as the central authority in Egypt has united again after the long period of unrest thanks to the rulers of Thebes and their efforts, and the most important king of this era is Mentuhotep II.

This dynasty was founded by King Amenemhat I, who was the last minister of the eleventh dynasty, and this twelfth family has endured tremendous difficulties in imposing its control and legitimacy on the sons of the previous dynasty.

The thirteenth Egyptian dynasty is the first family in its era that began the Hyksos invasion of Egypt, and shares with the eleventh dynasty, the twelfth dynasty, and the fourteenth dynasty in being all in the Middle Kingdom. The reign of this family began in the period ( 1790 BC - 1649 BC ) .

The Hyksos, the fourteenth dynasty, began in 1548 B.C., which initiated the era of the Second Middle Kingdom.

The 15th Dynasty, the first Huxusian family in Egypt, ruled from Ejtawai without controlling Egypt but preferred to remain in northeastern Egypt soon from where they infiltrated Egypt.

During the XIII dynasty, Egypt lost control of Nubia and the residents moved from Etj-Tawi to Thebes.

The last governor of the 17th dynasty, known as the "invader" of the Hyksos for delivering Egypt.

The 18th Egyptian dynasty is an ancient pharaonic family that ruled Egypt in the period (1550 BC - 1292 BC), in the modern state of ancient Egypt. And it is considered one of the most famous and strongest Egyptian families in history. This dynasty is also known as the Thutmose dynasty, after the four pharaohs who were named Thutmose.

Ramses I, the pharaoh with whom the XIX dynasty was inaugurated, had been in the service of Horemheb under whom he occupied the position of the vizier, and these, long before his death, had designated him his successor to solve the usual problems connected to the succession.

The twentieth dynasty in Ancient Egypt, often combined with the nineteenth dynasty under the name of the modern state. It is considered the last family of the modern state, followed by the third transitional period. It was founded by Sakht Nakhti, but the most important king was Ramses III, who emulated Ramses II in his reign.

After the death of Ramses XI, a period followed in which the Pharaonic throne remained vacant, while in the south the Grand Priest of Amon acquired more and more power.

The first news about this ruler is provided by a long inscription discovered at Abido and composed when he was still "the great leader of the Meshwesh, prince of princes." His father Nemrat, son of a lady named Mehetemwaskhe, had died, and Sheshonq had approached the then ruler seeking permission to establish a great funerary cult in his honor at Abydos.

Twenty-third Dynasty 828-712 BC. It consisted of a group of contemporary kings (who lived at the end of the XXII dynasty) who ruled in different regions and their dates are in dispute.

At Sais, in the delta, around 730 B.C., the local king, Tefnakht, began to rebuild the unity of the country around him. He seems to have proceeded by persuasion rather than armed conquest: he made the local rulers recognize his authority and confirmed them as vassals in his powers.

Manetho, strange as it may seem, does not speak of this great Sudanese or Cushite warrior until about 730 B. C. C. suddenly changed the whole course of Egyptian events. Piankhy was the son of a chieftain or king named Kashta, and brother, apparently, of Shabaka, called by Manetho as Sabacon.

After their conquest, the Babylonians placed governors of their confidence at the head of the Egyptian cities. The system of replacing evil rulers with others of their choice had been inaugurated by Esarhaddon.

Cambyses reigned over Egypt for only three years during which he attempted several expeditions to extend and consolidate his frontiers, but all failed. The plan of attack against Carthage was abandoned because the Phoenicians refused to fight against people of their own blood.

According to a later Egyptian tradition, Amirteos somehow offended the dictates of the law, so the son was denied succession. Manetho ascribes to Amirteos six years of reign, probably an accurate figure, since in the Aramaic Elephantine papyrus we read a promise to pay a debt dated in the fifth year.

The XXVII Dynasty is of the well-known rulers in the history of Egypt. It was founded by Nefretes I. By defeating Amirtaeus in open battle and then killing him later in Memphis. Nefertiti took his capital at Mendes.

The first pharaoh of the 30th dynasty was Nekhtnebef, although the order of succession has often been discussed. The number of monuments left by this ruler could give the impression of a period of uninterrupted peace and prosperity. The oldest parts of Philae are due to him.

Egypt is considered the land of civilizations since the earliest times, as civilizations were established in it on the banks of the Nile River, which is considered a symbol of fertility and stability for the people of ancient and even modern Egypt, and the civilizations of ancient Egypt began more than 5500 years before Christ. these two kingdoms came under one rule, and the ruler over them was King Narmer, who called Minis, and from here began the civilization of ancient Egypt.

The social and organizational structure in ancient Egypt was classified in the form of a hierarchy headed by the king. The pharaoh is the head of the political-social system of Ancient Egypt. In the state system, the pharaoh is the absolute ruler at the top of the hierarchical scale of power attributed to him by inheritance.

Egypt's economy was based on agriculture, due to the fertility of the land in the Nile valley. Its agricultural production was so great that the money obtained from agriculture was used in the construction of temples and pyramids.

The science of ancient Egypt is linked with the country's agricultural system. In favor of studies in astronomy, the ancient Egyptians devised a calendar to divide the calendar year into 365 days in order to regulate the cultivation of fertile land along the course of the Nile.

In the Egyptian civilization, astronomy played an important role. Observing the celestial vault allows the ancient Egyptians to define the first calendars and sundials that allow you to organize agricultural activities and predict the floods of the Nile River.

Hieroglyphic writing was published in 3100 BC. They are graven, holy symbols that carry the words of the gods and show the meaning, symbols and sounds of the drawing that they speak.

There were no pyramids to be sent with texts. But the new Gaston Maspero, who persuades Mariette to excavate the ruins of another pyramid, kings of Mererer, at the end of December, was alerted by a block of the pyramid given by King Pepi I in 1880. Then there was an excellent find: hieroglyphic Egyptian columns covering the walls.

It is thanks to a black granite stele discovered in 1799 by the strong French army landed in Egypt under the order of Napoleon Bonaparte that we can read hieroglyphs today.

The origins of Ancient Egypt can be traced back to about 9,000 BC, when plentiful rains in the Nile region aided the creation of a valley and fertile savannahs along the course of the region's most significant river. With Cairo Top Tours, you will learn more about the Pharaonic age!

The Palermo stone contains a list of Egyptian kings from the First Dynasty to the middle of the Fifth Dynasty, including King Senefru, King Khufu, and King Jadfre, among others. The sum of the annual rise in the Nile's water level was also reported on the stone.

Thirty years after a king came to the throne the Hep-Sed Festival, also known as the Royal Jubilee, was an important event. You can find out more about this festival with Cairo Top Tours.

An Egyptian middle phase indicates the country's government's weakening and the start of terrible disorder. Learn more about the first intermediate period of ancient Egypt with Cairo Top Tours!

The Islamic invasion of Egypt led by Amr ibn-Alass in the 7th century.

Egypt is the only country to have that degree of civilization, according to the Great Egypt website, which many kings and empires who would like to be all on the throne of Egypt desire.

Former Egyptian women had equal rights to men in legal and economic terms. They were capable of owning land, running companies and owning slaves. Women from different walks of life had the same opportunities in their respective classes as men.

God's priests were a religious aspect of Egypt's culture, but in Ancient Egypt they had been very different; they ruled Egypt many times, and pharaoh was only an image of the pyramid's power.

Millions of Egyptians went out in a "popular uprising" on June 30, 2013, in the various fields and governorates of Egypt, expressing their anger at the Brotherhood's rule.

The name the Mamluks referred to white slaves who were captured in wars or bought in the markets, and many of them were soldiers and army leaders, and they soon seized power at the end of the rule of the Ayyubid state in Egypt. The idea of ​​using the Mamluks in the Near East had been since the days of the Abbasids. The first to use them was the Caliph al-Mamun. However, the Abbasid Caliph Al-Mu’tasim Billah brought in Turkmen soldiers and placed them in the army in order to strengthen his position after he had lost confidence in the Arabs and Persians upon whom the Abbasid state was established. This encouraged the other caliphs and rulers to bring in the Mamluks.

The unique regalia worn by Kushite kings included a cap crown, two uraei, and amulets with ram's heads. The double uraei on this kneeling monarch have been "adjusted" to a single one, and a later Saite ruler forged the ram's-head amulets on the necklace and the king's name on his belt. The diadem with many miniature uraei, the bandeau with streamers, and the cap crown with a falcon etched on the reverse were unaltered.

It really was an honor that the Holy Family refuge was in Egypt and that God save them during the road. they also left many monuments here to be recorded for all the places their holy feets stepped on them. and we still visit them and get blessings from them.

The Egypt revolution of 1919 was unique and changed the course of history in Egypt. if defended the right of the lost Egyptian people

This is what is written on the back of the mask of the young Tutankhamun, a verse from the Book of the Dead that reads: Hail, beautiful face, endowed with sight, made by Ptah-Sokar, arranged by Anubis , the most beautiful face among the gods

The ancient pharaonic symbols were a mixture of their ideas and their existence and became the basis of their culture, so they were written on the walls and obelisks of the temples and were used in religious rituals for both the living and the dead.

Egyptian women used to highlight their feminine beauty and add aesthetic touches to their oriental nature by applying cosmetics and perfumes, all of which were "born" on the banks of the Nile River ages ago, and left tangible imprints in the civilization of Egypt and transferred them to other civilizations after they proved their ability to devise means of skin care, body protection, and perfume.

The ancient Egyptians cared about fashion, both men and women, and knew cosmetics thousands of years ago. According to archaeologists, they were careful to choose their clothes carefully in light of their interest in their appearance and their constant elegance.

The Buried Pyramid (also called Pyramid of Sekhemkhet ) is an unfinished step pyramid built c. 2645 BC for Sekhemkhet Djoserty . This pharaoh was the second of the Third Dynasty of Ancient Egypt , who reigned over Egypt c. 2686-2613 BC and is generally placed at the beginning of the Old Kingdom of Egypt .

The Old Egyptian artist has proven to be worthy of expressing the manifestations of life and its exciting themes in which he lived, affected, and impact. It seems to be clear that he recorded these subjects and paintings on rocks and on the surfaces of the underscored paintings, and the artist took multiple images of what he loved and what he lived in.